Tennant T5E Components Handbook: Your important information to understanding, sustaining, and repairing your Tennant T5E tools. This complete guide is designed to equip you with the information and instruments to deal with any upkeep or restore job with confidence. From figuring out components to ordering replacements, and troubleshooting points, this useful resource gives a transparent, step-by-step strategy to optimizing your Tennant T5E’s efficiency.
This guide presents an in depth overview of the Tennant T5E mannequin, encompassing its key options and purposes. It meticulously particulars the several types of components, categorized for straightforward navigation, together with engine elements, chassis components, and electrical elements. Exact identification of components is essential for efficient restore and upkeep, which the guide addresses with complete tables, flowcharts, and diagrams.
The guide additionally walks you thru numerous strategies of accessing the guide, deciphering diagrams, ordering components, and performing upkeep and troubleshooting. In the end, this guide empowers you to maintain your Tennant T5E working easily and effectively.
Overview of Tennant T5E Components
The Tennant T5E, a workhorse within the industrial cleansing business, boasts a sturdy design and a variety of purposes. From meticulous flooring upkeep to tackling robust spills, this machine is a dependable companion for busy professionals. Understanding its element components is essential for environment friendly upkeep and troubleshooting.The Tennant T5E’s components are fastidiously categorized to simplify identification and alternative.
From the engine’s coronary heart to the intricate electrical system, every element performs an important function within the machine’s total efficiency. Realizing the varied varieties and places of those components empowers customers to handle points promptly and preserve peak operational effectivity.
Engine Elements
The engine is the lifeblood of the Tennant T5E. Its efficiency instantly impacts the machine’s effectiveness and longevity. Engine elements embody the crankshaft, pistons, connecting rods, and numerous gaskets and seals. Correct upkeep of those components is important for avoiding expensive repairs and increasing the machine’s lifespan. Moreover, the air filter and oil filter are important for sustaining clear combustion and lubrication, respectively.
A clear engine runs smoother and longer.
Chassis Components
The chassis kinds the structural spine of the Tennant T5E. It encompasses the body, suspension, wheels, and axles. These elements present the inspiration for your entire machine, making certain stability and mobility. A strong chassis is essential for dealing with various cleansing duties and navigating numerous terrains.
Electrical Elements
{The electrical} system powers the Tennant T5E’s numerous features, together with the motor, pumps, and lights. Electrical elements such because the wiring harness, management panel, and numerous sensors are essential for environment friendly operation. A well-maintained electrical system ensures the graceful and dependable operation of the machine’s cleansing mechanisms. Electrical faults can result in expensive downtime, making preventive upkeep very important.
Pay specific consideration to the wiring, connections, and fuses. Their integrity ensures easy operation.
Cleansing System Elements
The cleansing system is the core of the Tennant T5E’s performance. This method consists of the water pump, spray nozzles, and numerous hoses and fittings. Correct upkeep and cautious dealing with of those components are essential for optimum cleansing efficiency. The brushes, pads, and rollers are additionally a part of this method and want periodic inspection and alternative. These components, when well-maintained, make sure that the cleansing course of is efficient and environment friendly.
Changing these components can save money and time.
Figuring out Components
Discovering the fitting half is vital to a profitable restore. Realizing which half goes the place is like having a secret code to your machine’s internal workings. It is greater than only a easy lookup; it is about understanding the nuances and refined variations between similar-looking elements. Correct identification prevents expensive errors and ensures your repairs are efficient.
Significance of Correct Half Identification
Exact half identification is essential for efficient repairs and upkeep. Mismatched components can result in efficiency points, security hazards, and in the end, expensive repairs down the highway. Realizing the precise half quantity and specs ensures compatibility and correct performance. It additionally reduces the danger of harm to different elements throughout set up. In essence, correct identification is a elementary step in any profitable restore or upkeep course of.
Evaluating Related Components
Figuring out components will be tough, particularly when coping with similar-looking elements. The next desk highlights key distinctions between components that could be simply confused.
Half Quantity | Half Description | Key Variations |
---|---|---|
12345-A | Drive Belt | Thicker materials, strengthened stitching, longer size |
12345-B | Drive Belt | Thinner materials, customary stitching, shorter size |
67890-X | Blade Meeting | Completely different blade curvature, distinctive mounting holes |
67890-Y | Blade Meeting | Related blade curvature, customary mounting holes |
Figuring out Components Utilizing Half Numbers or Descriptions
This flowchart particulars the method for finding a particular half utilizing a component quantity or description. Following these steps will make sure you get the right element to your Tennant T5E.
Think about the flowchart as a roadmap guiding you thru the method. Start by verifying the precise half quantity or description you want. This may very well be discovered within the machine’s authentic documentation, restore manuals, or by contacting Tennant assist. Use these sources to seek out essentially the most detailed info. As soon as the half quantity or description is obvious, seek the advice of the Tennant components catalog.
The catalog is your major useful resource for locating the corresponding half and its specs. Totally evaluation the catalog to establish any potential options or variations. Lastly, evaluate the chosen half with the unique element to make sure full compatibility. This methodology of identification ensures you receive the right half to your machine.
Accessing the Handbook

Unlocking the secrets and techniques of your Tennant T5E’s internal workings begins with the fitting guide. Navigating the wealth of knowledge out there ensures you are geared up to deal with any restore or upkeep job effectively. Correct entry to the right guide model is essential for correct troubleshooting and optimum efficiency.The Tennant T5E components guide is your complete information, offering clear directions and diagrams for each element.
Understanding learn how to find the precise info you want is vital to maximizing the guide’s usefulness. Discovering the fitting info empowers you to repair points shortly and successfully.
Strategies of Entry
The Tennant T5E components guide is accessible by numerous avenues, catering to totally different preferences and conditions. Having a number of entry factors ensures you’ll find the knowledge you want, no matter your circumstances.
- On-line Sources: Many producers present digital variations of their manuals on their web sites. This lets you entry the knowledge immediately and conveniently, usually from anyplace with an web connection. Downloading the guide ensures fast entry, even with out an web connection. Utilizing a search engine for s associated to particular components can drastically speed up the method.
- Bodily Manuals: Some Tennant T5E homeowners might have obtained a bodily copy of the components guide throughout buy. This methodology is right for many who desire a tangible reference or have restricted web entry. Fastidiously dealing with the guide will protect its integrity for future use.
- Producer’s Web site: The producer’s web site is a major useful resource for accessing the most recent variations of the components guide. That is notably essential as a result of up to date fashions or service bulletins usually comprise corrections or essential enhancements to the guide’s content material. At all times examine the producer’s web site for any revisions or up to date manuals.
Appropriate Handbook Model
Utilizing the right guide model to your particular T5E mannequin is crucial for correct info. Mismatched manuals can result in errors in prognosis and restore, doubtlessly leading to pointless problems or incorrect half replacements. Guaranteeing the right model is used is important for avoiding expensive errors.
- Mannequin Identification: Fastidiously study the serial quantity or mannequin designation of your Tennant T5E to substantiate the right guide. That is essential to making sure the guide matches your particular tools. Incorrect mannequin info will consequence within the improper directions getting used.
- Date of Publication: Newer manuals usually comprise corrections or updates that enhance accuracy and effectivity. Checking the publication date of the guide is an important step in figuring out its relevance and accuracy. The guide’s publication date helps you establish essentially the most present and correct info.
Finding Half Info
Discovering particular half info throughout the guide is streamlined with a scientific strategy. A well-structured guide makes discovering the wanted components info simpler.
- Index or Desk of Contents: Begin by consulting the index or desk of contents to find the part associated to the precise half you want. That is essentially the most direct technique to discover info throughout the guide.
- Half Quantity Search: If the half quantity, use the index or a search operate (if out there) to shortly find the corresponding description, diagram, and specs. Utilizing the half quantity is commonly the quickest methodology for locating the precise info.
- Diagram Reference: If the guide consists of diagrams, use them to establish the half’s location on the machine. Fastidiously evaluation the diagrams to pinpoint the precise half and perceive its operate throughout the machine. This methodology gives a visible information to the components.
- Detailed Description: As soon as you’ve got positioned the half, learn the detailed description for its specs, dimensions, and different related info. This ensures that you’ve an entire understanding of the half earlier than continuing with the restore or upkeep course of.
Understanding Half Diagrams

Unlocking the secrets and techniques of your Tennant T5E’s internal workings begins with deciphering its half diagrams. These visible guides act as a roadmap, main you on to the precise elements you want. Mastering these diagrams empowers you to deal with repairs and upkeep with confidence.Half diagrams are visible representations of the machine’s elements, offering a transparent image of their association and connections.
They’re important for finding particular components, understanding meeting sequences, and figuring out potential downside areas. Understanding these diagrams is a key step in efficiently servicing your Tennant T5E.
Sorts of Diagrams
Half diagrams make the most of numerous visible representations as an example totally different features of the machine. Exploded views, as an example, current a complete view of all elements, separated from one another, to facilitate understanding of the meeting course of. Schematics, then again, give attention to the operational movement and connections, highlighting electrical pathways or hydraulic programs. Every sort of diagram presents a singular perspective for various duties.
Deciphering Symbols and Markings
Understanding the symbols and markings on the diagrams is important to correct half identification. These markings usually embody location codes, half numbers, and even particular supplies. A standardized system of markings ensures readability and consistency throughout your entire guide. Pay shut consideration to the legend supplied, because it serves as a key to decipher these markings. Familiarize your self with the symbols and markings to confidently establish components.
Discovering Particular Components
Finding a particular half on a diagram is simple. Use the placement code or reference quantity supplied within the components record. This quantity usually corresponds to a particular half on the diagram, facilitating a fast and correct search. For instance, in case you want half quantity 12345, seek advice from the diagram index for the corresponding location code. This quantity acts as a singular identifier for that particular element on the machine.
Instance: Exploded View Interpretation
Think about a diagram exhibiting an exploded view of the Tennant T5E’s slicing deck. Every element, from the blades to the mounting brackets, is clearly labeled with a singular quantity. The exploded view structure permits for a transparent understanding of how every half connects to the others. Use the half quantity out of your components record to seek out the corresponding quantity on the diagram.
The quantity will level to the exact element you want.
Components Ordering and Procurement
Getting the fitting alternative half to your Tennant T5E is essential for optimum efficiency and uptime. Realizing learn how to order components effectively saves you time and frustration. This part guides you thru the method, from figuring out the right half to picking the very best provider.
Widespread Strategies for Ordering Components, Tennant t5e components guide
Ordering Tennant T5E components is simple. You might have a number of choices, every with its personal benefits. Direct interplay with the producer or a trusted supplier are two widespread avenues. On-line ordering is turning into more and more in style, providing comfort and infrequently aggressive pricing.
- On-line Ordering: Many producers have on-line portals for ordering components. This methodology presents 24/7 entry and infrequently permits for real-time monitoring of orders. It may be extremely environment friendly for routine upkeep or smaller repairs. A standard instance is ordering by a devoted Tennant web site or licensed on-line retailer.
- Vendor Ordering: Native or regional sellers are priceless sources. They usually have a complete stock and specialised technical assist, which will be particularly useful for advanced repairs. Their experience can make sure you get the right half shortly.
- Direct Ordering from the Producer: Ordering instantly from the producer can present entry to essentially the most up-to-date info and doubtlessly higher pricing for bigger orders. This feature could be the popular route for companies with giant fleets or recurring wants.
Elements to Think about When Selecting a Provider
Choosing the proper provider is a important resolution. Think about components like reliability, pricing, and turnaround time when evaluating choices. A provider with a very good fame and a confirmed observe file of offering high quality components and well timed service is price contemplating.
- Popularity and Reliability: Search for a provider with a optimistic observe file and a strong fame throughout the business. Examine on-line evaluations and search suggestions from different customers. A well-established provider will probably have a confirmed historical past of dealing with orders effectively.
- Pricing and Reductions: Evaluate costs throughout totally different suppliers. Think about potential reductions for bulk orders or repeat enterprise. A aggressive pricing construction is a big consider cost-effectiveness.
- Turnaround Time: Consider the standard supply time for components. A fast turnaround time is crucial for minimizing downtime and making certain fast repairs.
- Technical Assist: In case you have questions on a component or its software, make sure the provider presents useful technical assist. This assist is crucial for advanced repairs or once you’re unsure concerning the appropriate half.
Verifying Half Quantity and Specs
Appropriately figuring out the right half quantity and its specs is paramount. Mismatched components can result in problems and even injury your tools. Thorough verification minimizes errors.
- Exact Half Quantity Matching: Use the tools’s service guide, or contact the producer or supplier to substantiate the precise half quantity. Utilizing the improper half quantity will result in mismatched elements.
- Element Specs: Examine dimensions, supplies, and different important specs to make sure compatibility along with your Tennant T5E mannequin. This verification step ensures the half features appropriately and matches as meant.
- Cross-Referencing: If potential, cross-reference half numbers with different sources or manuals to make sure accuracy. Cross-referencing helps keep away from potential errors partly identification.
Troubleshooting and Restore
Unveiling the secrets and techniques of your Tennant T5E’s operation, this part guides you thru widespread troubleshooting procedures. From figuring out potential points to discovering swift options, we’ll equip you with the information to maintain your machine buzzing alongside easily. Let’s dive in and empower you to take care of peak efficiency.
Widespread Troubleshooting Procedures
Troubleshooting begins with a scientific strategy. Fastidiously evaluation the working situations, noting any uncommon sounds, vibrations, or efficiency adjustments. This methodical strategy usually reveals the supply of the issue. By systematically checking the elements and programs, you enhance the chance of a fast decision.
Figuring out Potential Causes for Element Failure
A number of components can contribute to element failure. Think about environmental situations like excessive temperatures, extreme moisture, or uncommon mud ranges. Improper upkeep, like skipping scheduled servicing, can considerably affect element lifespan. Moreover, overloading the machine past its capability could cause untimely put on and tear.
Desk of Widespread Issues, Causes, and Options
Drawback | Potential Causes | Options |
---|---|---|
Machine will not begin | Low battery, defective starter motor, electrical connection points | Examine battery degree, examine starter motor connections, confirm electrical wiring, and take into account skilled help if essential. |
Extreme noise throughout operation | Worn bearings, unfastened elements, or obstructed airflow | Examine for unfastened bolts and connections, lubricate bearings, and guarantee ample airflow. A professional technician must be consulted for advanced circumstances. |
Lowered cleansing effectivity | Clogged nozzles, worn brushes, or particles build-up within the system | Clear nozzles, substitute worn brushes, and clear any blockages. Overview the upkeep schedule and guarantee correct cleansing procedures are adopted. |
Uncommon vibrations | Unbalanced elements, worn suspension system, or misaligned wheels | Examine for correct steadiness, restore or substitute worn suspension components, and guarantee wheel alignment. If the problem persists, seek the advice of a professional technician. |
Troubleshooting Particular Components
Addressing particular components usually includes detailed inspection and cautious analysis. Understanding the operate and interplay of every element is essential. This requires a mixture of technical information and a scientific strategy. Troubleshooting requires a proactive and thorough strategy.
Instance: Troubleshooting a Defective Brush Roll
A malfunctioning brush roll can considerably affect cleansing effectivity. The roll would possibly present indicators of extreme put on, be broken, or exhibit uncommon stiffness. In such circumstances, examine the comb roll for injury and examine the motor’s operation. Change the comb roll with a brand new one if essential. Bear in mind to seek advice from the upkeep schedule for correct alternative intervals.
Upkeep and Alternative
Holding your Tennant T5E working easily and effectively hinges on a well-maintained machine. This part gives a roadmap for routine upkeep and correct alternative procedures, making certain years of dependable service. Correct upkeep not solely extends the lifetime of your tools but in addition prevents expensive breakdowns and ensures peak efficiency.The really useful upkeep procedures are designed to forestall potential points and make sure the longevity of your Tennant T5E.
Following these steps diligently will preserve your machine in high situation, maximizing its productiveness and minimizing downtime. Understanding these procedures additionally allows you to diagnose issues early and tackle them proactively.
Advisable Upkeep Procedures
Common upkeep is essential for stopping breakdowns and making certain peak efficiency. A proactive strategy to upkeep minimizes sudden downtime and maximizes the lifespan of your Tennant T5E.
- Cleansing and Inspection: Recurrently clear all accessible components of the machine, paying particular consideration to filters, belts, and drive elements. Examine for put on and tear, unfastened connections, or any indicators of harm. This proactive strategy helps stop small points from escalating into main issues.
- Fluid Checks: Confirm the degrees of hydraulic fluids and lubricants. Guarantee they meet the producer’s specs. Sustaining ample fluid ranges prevents element injury and ensures easy operation. Inadequate fluid can result in overheating and untimely failure.
- Belt Tensioning: Examine and regulate the stress of drive belts as wanted. Correct belt pressure prevents slippage and ensures environment friendly energy transmission. Overly unfastened or tight belts may end up in diminished efficiency and potential injury.
- Filter Alternative: Change air and gas filters in accordance with the really useful intervals. These filters stop contaminants from coming into the engine and different important elements, which is important to sustaining optimum efficiency.
Significance of Correct Alternative Procedures
Appropriate alternative procedures are important for sustaining the optimum performance and security of your Tennant T5E. Utilizing the right alternative components and following the right procedures will make sure that the half features as meant and that your machine operates safely and successfully.
- Half Compatibility: Use solely real Tennant T5E components or components which might be particularly designed to satisfy the specs of the machine. Utilizing incompatible components can result in decreased efficiency, security hazards, and potential injury to the machine.
- Security Precautions: At all times comply with the protection precautions Artikeld within the guide. This consists of carrying applicable private protecting tools (PPE), corresponding to gloves and security glasses. Failing to comply with security procedures can result in accidents and additional injury.
- Torque Specs: Adhere to the producer’s torque specs when tightening bolts and fasteners. Over-tightening or under-tightening can injury components or compromise the machine’s structural integrity.
- Correct Set up: Be certain that the changed half is appropriately put in and aligned. Incorrect set up can result in malfunction, diminished efficiency, or additional injury to the machine. Following the step-by-step directions is important.
Changing a Drive Belt
This detailed process Artikels the steps for changing a drive belt, emphasizing security precautions.
- Security First: Disconnect the facility supply to the machine and make sure that the machine is securely supported to forestall unintended motion.
- Preparation: Collect the mandatory instruments and the brand new drive belt, making certain they meet the desired necessities.
- Elimination: Fastidiously detach the outdated drive belt from its pulleys. Pay shut consideration to the alignment and correct placement.
- Set up: Place the brand new drive belt onto the pulleys, making certain correct alignment and pressure. Seek advice from the diagram within the guide for correct positioning.
- Testing: Reconnect the facility supply and take a look at the machine’s operation to confirm that the brand new belt features as meant.
Half Cross-Referencing: Tennant T5e Components Handbook
Navigating the world of alternative components can really feel like deciphering a cryptic code, particularly when coping with totally different producers and fashions. However concern not, intrepid T5E proprietor! Understanding half cross-referencing unlocks a treasure trove of choices and ensures you are getting the fitting match to your machine. This part will equip you with the instruments to confidently establish appropriate components, saving you money and time.Half cross-referencing is an important ability for any tools proprietor.
It includes evaluating half numbers and specs from totally different sources to establish appropriate replacements. By understanding the nuances of cross-referencing, you’ll be able to find the right match, making certain your Tennant T5E operates at peak efficiency.
Strategies for Cross-Referencing Half Numbers
Efficient half cross-referencing depends on meticulous record-keeping and correct identification. The secret’s to seek out dependable sources of knowledge and evaluate half numbers, descriptions, and specs throughout numerous platforms.
- Producer Web sites: Immediately accessing producer web sites is commonly essentially the most correct strategy. They steadily provide detailed half catalogs and cross-reference instruments. Search for devoted sections on components assist, usually searchable by mannequin quantity and half quantity.
- On-line Retailers: Respected on-line retailers, devoted to industrial tools, steadily present cross-referencing help. They’ll present various half numbers from totally different producers for a similar element. At all times examine the seller’s fame and the retailer’s return coverage.
- Restore Manuals: Official restore manuals for the Tennant T5E, or related fashions, usually present complete cross-referencing tables. These manuals will be invaluable for evaluating half numbers between numerous fashions.
- Half Quantity Databases: Specialised databases devoted to half numbers and cross-referencing generally is a priceless instrument. They usually comprise an unlimited library of half numbers and specs, facilitating fast and correct comparisons.
Evaluating Half Numbers and Specs
Precisely evaluating half numbers and specs is crucial to make sure compatibility. When evaluating, pay shut consideration to the scale, supplies, and performance of the elements. A easy oversight can result in mismatched components and in the end, expensive repairs.
- Half Quantity Matching: Search for precise matches or related half numbers throughout totally different sources. If there are discrepancies, meticulously evaluation the descriptions and specs to substantiate compatibility. A exact match ensures the half will operate as meant.
- Dimensional Accuracy: Confirm the scale of the half in opposition to the unique element. Even a minor discrepancy in measurement can stop the half from becoming correctly. Measurements are important to making sure a comfortable match.
- Materials Compatibility: If relevant, guarantee the fabric used within the alternative half is appropriate with the unique half and the machine’s working setting. The best materials will stand up to the pains of operation.
Widespread Half Replacements and Compatibility
A number of components are steadily changed on Tennant T5E fashions, and compatibility throughout numerous fashions is a standard concern.
- Belt Replacements: Engine belts, drive belts, and different drive elements are sometimes changed throughout routine upkeep. Examine the precise Tennant T5E mannequin and make sure the alternative belt has the right specs, together with width, size, and materials. Mismatched belts could cause important injury.
- Electrical Elements: Electrical elements like switches, relays, and wiring harnesses may have alternative. Seek advice from the model-specific manuals and diagrams for compatibility charts to make sure a seamless match and performance.
- Hydraulic Elements: Hydraulic components like hoses, cylinders, and pumps are important for correct operation. Matching the right specs for hydraulic components is important, making certain they operate reliably.
Visible Illustration of Components

Unlocking the secrets and techniques of your Tennant T5E is less complicated than you suppose! Visible aids are your finest associates on the subject of understanding the internal workings of this highly effective machine. By visualizing the components and their positions, you may achieve a deeper appreciation for the way every element contributes to the general efficiency.This part will information you thru the visible illustration of key Tennant T5E components.
We’ll delve into figuring out components based mostly on their visible traits and their very important features throughout the machine’s operations.
Widespread Tennant T5E Components
Visible recognition is vital to profitable upkeep and restore. A transparent understanding of widespread elements empowers you to deal with issues effectively and successfully.
Half | Picture Description | Options | Operate |
---|---|---|---|
Brush Roll Meeting | A cylindrical element with a number of rotating bristles. It usually shows a sturdy, barely tapered design. The colour might fluctuate relying on the fabric used. | Strong development, a number of bristles, usually a barely tapered type. | Answerable for the sweeping and cleansing motion. The rotating bristles effectively take away particles from surfaces. |
Drive Motor | A compact, normally rectangular housing containing the electrical motor. It is usually a darkish shade, and its measurement will fluctuate relying on the mannequin. The motor is usually positioned centrally throughout the machine. | Compact, dark-colored housing. Could also be rectangular or related form. | Offers the facility to rotate the comb roll meeting and different elements. The effectivity of the motor instantly impacts total machine efficiency. |
Wheels (Entrance and Rear) | Rounded, usually rubber-coated elements with various levels of measurement, form, and hardness. The entrance wheels may need a singular design. | Rounded form, doubtlessly rubber-coated, various in measurement. | Present assist and mobility to the machine. Their design impacts the machine’s stability and maneuverability. |
Chassis Body | A strong, usually steel body that holds your entire machine collectively. It is usually a metallic shade and has assist buildings. | Robust steel body, supporting your entire machine. | Offers structural assist to the machine and secures all different elements in place. Its power is essential for longevity. |
Figuring out Components Visually
A eager eye can assist you establish components by their distinctive traits. Pay shut consideration to the dimensions, form, shade, and placement of every half.
- Measurement: Think about the general dimensions of the half in relation to different elements. A bigger half would possibly point out a extra substantial element.
- Form: The form of a component usually reveals its operate. A cylindrical form would possibly point out a brush roll, whereas a flat form would possibly point out a plate or body.
- Shade: Whereas not all the time definitive, the colour of a component will be useful in distinguishing it from others. Take note of the colour variations and the way they relate to different components.
- Location: The place of a component throughout the machine usually signifies its operate and function within the total operation. A component positioned close to the motor could be associated to the machine’s drive system.
Understanding Half Operate
Realizing the function of every half throughout the machine’s operations is crucial. Every element performs a important half within the total performance of the machine.
- Brush Roll Meeting: This half is chargeable for the sweeping and cleansing motion, eradicating particles from surfaces.
- Drive Motor: This half gives the facility for your entire machine. It powers the comb roll and different elements.
- Wheels: These present assist and mobility, influencing the machine’s stability and maneuverability.
- Chassis Body: The chassis body gives the structural assist for your entire machine, securing all different elements.